从elements of moderm optical design中找到了这个名词的解释。我把这段英文写下来。
The f-number of a lens is its effective focal length divided by its entrance pupil diameter. Thus a 50-mm camera lens with a 23-mm aperture stop has an optical speed of 2.2(=50/23) or, in a convenient f-notation, a speed of f/2.2.